Parmap
Parmap is a minimalistic library allowing to exploit multicore architectures for OCaml programs with minimal modifications.
Description
If you want to use your many cores to accelerate an operation which happens to be a map, fold or map/fold (map-reduce), just use Parmap's parmap, parfold and parmapfold primitives in place of the standard List.map and friends; you can specify the number of subprocesses to use with the optional parameter ncores, and the size of granularity of the parallel computation with the optional parameter chunksize.
For example, in the classical Mandelbrot demo available in the example directory, the line
Parmap.parmap ~ncores: !ncores ~chunksize: !chunksize pixel (Parmap.L tasks)
allows to spawn ncores separate processes, each working on sublists of
size chunksize of the tasks list.
The library also provides highly efficient specialised functions for arrays of floats, as well as functions for iterating over a sequence.
Documentation
On top of the standard ocamldoc output, you can read this research article presenting Parmap:
An author copy of this article is freely available from HAL.
Development
License
Parmap is distributed under the LGPL licence version 2, with the usual special linking exception to section 6 for OCaml programs.Architectural notes
DO'S and DONT'S
Parmap is not meant to be a replacement for a full fledged implementation of parallelism skeletons (map, reduce, pipe, and the many others described in the scientific literature since the end of the 1980's, much earlier than the specific implementation by Google engineers that popularised them). It is meant, instead, to allow you to quickly leverage the idle processing power of your extra cores, when handling some heavy computational load.
The principle of parmap is very simple: when you call one of the three available primitives, map, fold, and mapfold , your OCaml sequential program forks in n subprocesses (you choose the n), and each subprocess performs the computation on the 1/n of the data, in chunks of a size you can choose, returning the results through a shared memory area to the parent process, that resumes execution once all the children have terminated, and the data has been recollected.
You need to run your program on a single multicore machine; repeat after me: Parmap is not meant to run on a cluster, see one of the many available (re)implementations of the map-reduce schema for that.
By forking the parent process on a sigle machine, the children get access, for free, to all the data structures already built, even the imperative ones, and as far as your computation inside the map/fold does not produce side effects that need to be preserved, the final result will be the same as performing the sequential operation, the only difference is that you might get it faster.
The OCaml code is reasonably simple and only marginally relies on external C libraries: most of the magic is done by your operating system's fork and memory mapping mechanisms. One could gain some speed by implementing a marshal/unmarshal operation directly on bigarrays, but we did not do this yet.
Of course, if you happen to have open channels, or files, or other connections that should only be used by the parent process, your program may behave in a very wierd way: as an example, *do not* open a graphic window before calling a Parmap primitive, and *do not* use this library if your program is multi-threaded!
Pinning processes to physical CPUs
To obtain maximum speed, Parmap tries to pin the worker processes to a CPU, using the scheduler affinity interface that is available in recent Linux kernels. Similar functionality may be obtained on different platforms using slightly different API. Contributions are welcome to support those other APIs, just make sure that you use autoconf properly.
Using Parmap with Ocamlnat
You can use Parmap in a native toplevel (it may be quite useful if you use the native toplevel to perform fast interactive computations), but remember that you need to load the .cmxs modules in it; an example is given in example/topnat.ml
Preservation of output order in Parmap
If the number of chunks is equal to the number of cores, it is easy to preserve the order of the elements of the sequence passed to the map/fold operations, so the result will be a list with the same order as if the sequential function would be applied to the input. This is what the parmap, parmafold and parfold functions do when the chunksize argument is not used.
If the user specifies a chunksize that is different from the number of cores, there is no general way to preserve the ordering, so the result of calling Parmap.parmap f l are not necessarily in the same order as List.map f l.
In general, using little chunksize helps in balancing the load among the workers, and provides better speed, at the price of losing the ordering: there is a tradeoff, and it is up to the user to choose the solution that better suits him/her.
Fast map on arrays and on float arrays
Visiting an array is much faster than visiting a list, and conversion of an array to and from a list is expensive, on large data structures, so we provide a specialised version of map on arrays, that beaves exactly like parmap.
We also provide a highly optimised specialised parmap version that is targeted to float arrays, array_float_parmap, that allows you to perform parallel computation on very large float arrays efficiently, without the boxing/unboxing overhead introduced by the other primitives, including array_parmap.
To understand the efficiency issues involved in the case of large arrays of float, here is a short summary of the steps that any implementation of a parallel map function must perform.
- create a float array to hold the result of the computation.
This operation is expensive: on an Intel i7, creating a 10M float array
takes 50 milliseconds
ocamlnat
Objective Caml version 3.12.0 - native toplevel
# #load "unix.cmxs";;
# let d = Unix.gettimeofday() in ignore(Array.create 10000000 0.); Unix.gettimeofday() -. d;;
- : float = 0.0501301288604736328
- create a shared memory area
- possibly copy the result array to the shared memory area
- perform the computation in the children writing the result in the shared memory area
- possibly copy the result back to the OCaml array
All implementations need to do 1, 2 and 4; steps 3 and/or 5 may be omitted depending on what the user wants to do with the result.
The array_float_parmap performs steps 1,2,4 and 5. It is possible to share steps 1 and 2 among subsequent calls to the parallel function by preallocating the result array and the shared memory buffer, and passing them as optional parameters to the array_float_parmap function: this may save a significant amount of time if the array is very large.